Table of Content

15 September 2022, Volume 39 Issue 5

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The League Organization of Shanghai University and Youth Movement （1923-1927）

2022, 39(5):  1-10. 

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The branch of the Communist Youth League of Shanghai University was established in September 1923, and quickly became a force comprised of young students active on and off campus. The league organization of Shanghai University was the most prominent grass-roots organization among the youth leagues in Shanghai at that time. It not only organized and held various activities on campus such as winning over various youth associations through fellowships, publicizing the Party’s principles, spreading progressive ideas, and underscoring its own organizational construction, but also utilized grass-roots resources by parading on the streets, connecting the masses and mobilizing workers, and took the lead in the anti-imperialist patriotic movement. Especially in the May 30th Movement, many young members of the university league were injured, arrested or killed. Thanks to the outstanding performance of its Youth League, Shanghai University became the center of Shanghai youth movement and the birthplace of many activities. It not only united many young talents closely around the Party and the Youth League, but also trained and fostered a batch of heroic core figures for the Party and the League such as Shi Cuntong, Deng Zhongxia, Zhang Tailei, Ren Bishi, Guan Xiangying, Yun Daiying, Zhang Qiuren, and He Chang. During the “Great Revolution” era when the Kuomintang and the Communist Party first cooperated, Chinese youth movement scored fruitful results, among which the Youth League of Shanghai University made a unique contribution. The growth and development of the league organization in Shanghai University owed much to the atmosphere of the times and the revolutionary tradition of the university. What it did and accomplished met the requirements of the Party for fostering and training students in the revolutionary movements. However, as the Kuomintang and the Communist Party split in 1927, the league organization of Shanghai University had to work underground.



On the Localization, Routinization and Popularization of Marxist Theory in the 1920s— Taking Shanghai University as an Example

2022, 39(5):  11-20. 

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Shanghai University in the 1920s played an important role in spreading Marxist theory. Early leaders of Communist Party of China（CPC）, such as Deng Zhongxia and Qu Qiubai, fully inherited and developed the valuable experience of Marx, Engels, Lenin and other proletarian leaders in political publicity and mobilization. In Shanghai University, some early leaders of CPC gave full play to the role of the Party’s grass-roots organizations and the university’s advantages to integrate the dissemination of Marxist theory into the construction of Shanghai University, thus gradually forming, interconnecting and strengthening the Party’s leadership among colleges, student associations and workers. As a result, a virtuous cycle of “convincing people with theories, shaping people with theories and spreading theories with people” was established, a new transmission channel of Marxist theory was opened up under the leadership of the CPC through socialist youth leagues and progressive students, and the spread of Marxist theory was greatly enhanced in terms of localization, routinization and popularization.



On the Argument of Three Trends  of China’s Economy

2022, 39(5):  21-36. 

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The three trends of China’s economy refer to the development trend of focusing on people’s wealth, the reform trend of focusing on key factors, and the opening-up trend of focusing on institutional opening. To follow people’s wealth-prioritized development, it is essential to shift the attention from the growth of national flow wealth (gross GDP index) and the accumulation of stock wealth (market value index of total assets) to the model of people’s wealth valuing “each individual’s development and happiness in life”. At present, it is especially necessary to improve the weak link of “household consumption rate” and help realize “common but differentiated common prosperity”. To follow key factors-driven reform, it is essential to understand the views of civilization advancement with corresponding factors, the neutrality of factors and  the three completes of property factors (complete coverage, complete process and complete life cycle), and steadily push forward the market-oriented reform based on the seven key factors according to the three lines of logic: reform, economic development and human development. To follow the  institutional opening, it is essential to promote the opening of system, rules and regulations on the basis of “opening of the five flows”, and solve five outstanding institutional problems in the third wave of opening-up driven reform. To follow the three trends to advance China’s development, reform and opening up is a rational choice in line with the world trend and game.



Political Economic Interpretation of the Profound Changes Unseen in a Century from the Perspective of Long-wave Theory

2022, 39(5):  37-50. 

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Academic circles have reached a consensus that the profound changes unseen in a century refer to the rise of developing countries and the relative decline of developed countries in the international economic landscape. It should be noted from the perspective of long-wave theory that the changing trend of international economic landscape is confined to the evolution of the basic contradiction of global capital accumulation. First of all, since the 1970s, especially since 2008, developed countries have fallen into a long-wave downward period caused by falling profit rate and exhausting technological vitality. In response to the basic contradiction of capital accumulation, the neo-liberal regime has attempted to reverse the trend of falling profit rate through financialization and spatial fix, which has resulted in the gradual rise of developing countries and the relative decline of developed countries. Secondly,  China has risen rapidly since its accumulation regime integrated into the international division of labor system, which has slowed down the relative decline of developed countries temporarily, but in the long run the capitalist world economy cannot escape the changes in the pattern of value distribution. Given the uncertainties in the evolution of the profound changes unseen in a century, it is critical to promote profit realization and initiate innovation in major products so as to improve profit rate in China.



Which Type of Film? Whose Theory?—Comparative Filmology and the Myth of Film Theories

2022, 39(5):  51-62. 

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The aesthetic autonomy of artistic works is generated in the process of copying, misappropriating and circulating, which makes it difficult to exhaust the list of related works of any film. A film theory attempts to create concepts to abstract a more purified style so as to confirm its individuality and originality. However, due to the social and eclectic nature of theories themselves, the coexistence, flow and abuse of concepts are very common. In the crevice between theory and history, concept becomes an empty ghost. Comparative filmology can be a basic strategy to solve the worldwide problem of deciphering the theoretical identity of a film. Be it sequential comparatism or contextual comparatism, the purpose of comparative film research is not to take superficial similarities and differences as the annotation of original theoretical identity, but to attach importance to the essential differences in theoretical origins by regarding language competition and semiotic transformation aiming at knowledge production as ways of  thinking,  and to find the ideological sources of different film theories in an open perspective.



Rereading “Screen”: Also on the Changing Screen-Audience Relationship

2022, 39(5):  63-74. 

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With the advancement of new media, cinema today is in an “expanding” situation. “Screen”, a core component of film installation, is also reshaping its form, connotation and relationship with the audience. At one time, cinema was regarded as Plato’s cave while  screen became a device for display or shielding, which confined the audience’s positions. With the introduction of new technologies, screen may become a portal for the audience to enter the myth of the mirror world (AR) and the meta-universe (VR), echoing the prediction in the early film that “Uncle Josh” will enter the “moving pictures”. In addition, screen is gradually getting away from cinema devices, and the new screen, which is gathering the functions of panoramic monitoring tools and data streams, is constructing a new relationship between the screen and the audience.



The Reconstruction of the Organizational Model of Entities in Metaverse

2022, 39(5):  75-87. 

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 Metaverse is not only the core of the future digital economy, reconstructing and reshaping the Internet industrial structure and digital economic structure, but also exerting a fundamental impact on the entire economic system, including the industrial economy. The development of Metaverse has a bearing not only on the building of a cyberspace community of shared future, but also on innovation and entrepreneurship. Technological innovation brings about a huge change in governance system. The emergence of DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) in particular, not only poses a huge challenge to the company system based on the industrial economy, but also provides solutions for the reconstruction of the organizational model of the digital economy. It is advisable to explore brand-new models such as data benefit distribution model and the financial consumer protection model of equity crowdfunding (We Finance) from the structural advantages of the DAO, so as to increase the total social welfare. The Coken theory provides an original Chinese plan for the sharing and protection of the core elements of data, aiming at stronger, better, and bigger digital economy. At the same time, the application of the PDA analysis paradigm to the restructuring of the Metaverse market entities is conducive to advocating the unification of the responsibilities, rights, benefits, and economic efficiency of the organization, promoting the interconnection between platforms, boosting the wealth of data, and ensuring that the basic rights of the people in cyberspace are not infringed. 



Theoretical Construction of Metaverse Regulation and Chinese Solution

2022, 39(5):  88-102. 

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Potential risks of the Metaverse (Meta Universe) derive mainly from the collapse of consensus, experience expansion, unchecked digitalization, technical defects, cognitive deficiency, outdated concepts and lack of supervision. The legal mechanisms of traditional cyberspace governance which still have room for extension and application cannot fully eliminate the risks of their “blind dimensions” if they are not in agreement with the internal order of the Metaverse. With the development and evolution of technologies, policy makers should fully understand the dynamic equilibrium gradually formed in the process of constant interaction and repeated gaming among the subjects of Metaverse, and accomplish conceptually the cognitive transformation from point to whole, from fantasy to rationality, from unidirection to multidimension and from fragments to system. Meanwhile, they should construct a Metaverse regulatory framework of good law and sound governance setting public interests as the baseline, overall safety as the guidance and effective supervision as the goal. 



The Approach of Legal Regulation to Security Risks of Metaverse: From Hypothetical Regulation to Procedural Risk Prevention

2022, 39(5):  103-115. 

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The initiating of the concept of Metaverse (meta-universe) has completely changed the future landscape of information technology. Accordingly, the fusion of virtual and real world is bound to pose new problems to the existing relationships between rights and obligations. However, technological innovation does not necessarily mean targeted legislation or special supervision. Institutional constructionists hold that “special law should be formulated to regulate the safety risks of the meta-universe” , which is blurring the scope of the basic functions of laws. From the supervision of early big data and cloud computing security, to the regulation of the current algorithm and protection of data security, and to the governance system of future Metaverse, legal responses to technological innovation should not be based on purely hypothetical risks, but on whether the contents of rights and obligations have actually changed. Judging from the development traits of Metaverse at the current stage, the potential security risks have not gone beyond the existing social risk types. Therefore, in regulating Metaverse security risks, we should stick to the general position of legal responses to technologies by centering on procedural risk prevention and reinterpreting the basic concepts of existing legal provisions and their application means.



General Issues and Basic Dimensions of the Study of the History of the CPC’s Literary and Artistic System

2022, 39(5):  116-128. 

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The study of the history of the Communist Party of China（CPC）’s literary system is an exploration of the Party’s century-long development in adhering to the sinicization of Marxism and promotion of Chinese theoretical construction and practical experience of literary and artistic theories. It is also a profound expression of the CPC’s theoretical confidence and cultural consciousness in its dedication to national rejuvenation, as well as an important content that can be absorbed and used for reference in the construction and development of Marxist literary theory with Chinese characteristics for a new era. Judging from the Party’s historical development clues and the theoretical resources of modernity, the general issues of the researches on the history of the Party’s literary and artistic system include the following aspects: focusing on the content, governance characteristics, practice rules and historical experience of the literary and artistic system led by the Party, sorting out and researching on the historical practice and theoretical innovation of the Party’s century-old development of literary and artistic systems, and explaining and summarizing the experience of the Party’s system building acquired and formed in the long-term cultural and artistic practice. The system building includes many contents, which are directed by ideologies, guided by policies, guaranteed by organizational management, transformed through publicity and education and so on. Three dimensions of history, theory and spirit have been explored related to system building and innovation practice in probing into the theoretical concepts, formulated policies, organizational mechanisms and the social effects of the Party’s century-old development of literary and artistic system, so as to provide ideological and theoretical guidance for the development and prosperity of socialist literature and arts with Chinese characteristics for a new era.



Triple Connotations of the CPC’s Centenary Development Concepts on Literary and Artistic System

2022, 39(5):  129-138. 

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The development of Chinese literary and artistic system for a new era is based on the thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, putting people at the core, emphasizing cultural self-confidence and actively promoting cultural creation. Therefore, it has triple connotations embodied in the dimensions of people, Chinese nation and civilization, which is the continuation and enrichment of the CPC（Communist Party of China）’s century-old development concepts of Chinese literary and artistic system. The essence of people connotation is to shape the modern awakened new citizens. The dimension of Chinese nation emphasizes “building a new culture of the Chinese nation”, establishing cultural consciousness and self-confidence. The connotation of civilization emphasizes telling China’s story well, and sets the building of a global community with a shared future for mankind as the highest aesthetic pursuit.



Governance of Literature and Art, or Governance Through Literature and Art?—Analysis on the Marxist Thought on Literary and Artistic System

2022, 39(5):  139-148. 

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 According to Marx and Engels, the development and substitution of systems for mankind have always been accompanied by the process of institutionalization in the ideological fields, and literary and artistic systems are the inevitable result of such processes. Subsequent proletarian revolutionaries and theorists after Marx and Engels realized that the ultimate purpose of the construction of literary and artistic system is not to govern literature and art, but to govern through literature and art, and that the necessity of building a literary and artistic system lies in the particularity of literary and artistic governance. Therefore, an advanced literary and artistic system should take the proletarian party as the organizational form, literary and artistic policies and mechanisms as the guide, and education and learning as the internal rules, and should give priority to the cultivation of a revolutionary literary and artistic governance system with intellectuals as the main body. Generally speaking, the thought on literary and artistic system is an important part of Marxist theory on system. Governance through literary and artistic system is a means to the governance of literature and art. A sound literary and artistic system aims at promoting people’s freedom and liberation in a realistic manner.