With Marx’s“Fragment on Machines”as the theoretical point of departure, the underlying logic governing the relations between machinery, labor, and capital within the capitalist mode of production is revealed. While machinery propelled a colossal leap in productive forces, under the dominion of capital, it evolved into the materialized form of an exploitation mechanism. It supplanted workers’skills and rhythms, reducing the laboring subject to a mere appendage, thereby precipitating a comprehensive alienation of the labor process, the product of labor, and the human species-being (Gattungswesen). In the era of digital capitalism, the modality of capital control has shifted from material machine systems to virtual architectures centered on data, algorithms, and computing power. Data has emerged as the new means of production, while algorithms have replaced mechanical rhythms as the novel mechanism of labor discipline. By monopolizing platforms and data flows, capital achieves a more covert and flexible form of exploitation. The boundary between labor and non-labor is dissolved; human attention, affect, and behavior are continuously captured and transmuted into sources of value. Consequently, alienation extends from the material realm to the cognitive and spiritual dimensions, manifesting as algorithm-driven behavioral manipulation and the colonization of consciousness. The transition from the“Fragment on Machines”to the“Fragment on  data”demonstrates the historical continuity of capital’s exploitation logic, evolving from the explicit to the implicit. Confronting the pervasive penetration of digital capital, it is imperative to be guided by the Marxist spirit of technological critique. We must re-examine the power structures and subjective conditions within data society, seeking intellectual pathways to transcend algorithmic domination and data alienation, ultimately striving for the reunification of technological progress with human emancipation.

As digital platforms become deeply embedded in daily life, digital games are evolving from leisure and entertainment into a new form of labor, an inevitable result of the development of platform capitalism. Examined through the lens of Marxist political economy, gaming behavior under specific conditions has already acquired the fundamental characteristics of labor: players’online duration and operations are programmed by systems and transformed into“digital labor time”available for platform extraction; the resulting behavioral data, creative content, and social relations become unpaid raw materials for capital valorization. Analysis shows that from“gold farming”to data production, a substantial volume of gaming activities essentially participate in value creation. However, the vast majority of the resulting surplus value is captured by platforms

through technological monopolies and rule design, forming a concealed exploitation of“play as labor.” Therefore, it is imperative to recognize the power asymmetry behind the laborization of games and explore possible paths to counter platform monopolies and strive for digital rights.

In the digital era, platforms have de facto exercised digital power endowed with social coerciveness. The abuse of such power directly infringes upon various legal interests, necessitating effective legal constraints. However, the existing regulatory paradigm, characterized by“strengthening the mid-stream while neglecting the upstream and downstream,”proves inadequate for the comprehensive governance of digital power. Instead, adopting a holistic legal order perspective, regulation should be anchored in mid-stream controls while leveraging upstream mechanisms for prevention and downstream mechanisms for assurance, thereby achieving synergistic governance of digital power. On one hand, the self-regulatory function of platform enterprises should be activated to shape an upstream risk prevention mechanism. This requires platforms to strengthen internal management structures and assume external risk management responsibilities. On the other hand, the cautious regulatory function of criminal law should be harnessed to construct a downstream assurance mechanism. This entails reinterpreting criminal provisions to address direct infringements arising from the abuse of digital power by platforms. Furthermore, guided by the principles of the“Red Flag Rule”and the“Safe Harbor Rule,”criminal law should also regulate indirect aiding and abetting behaviors associated with such abuse.

Data rights registration is pivotal to resolving the bottlenecks in data trading. The“three data rights”established in the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Building a Basic Data System to Better Leverage the Role of Data Factors do not constitute exclusive or absolute property rights; consequently, the“data property rights registration”envisioned in this document is, in essence,“data rights registration.”Given the diverse origins of data rights and the varied modalities of data transactions, data rights registration should entail differentiated legal effects. Specifically, the probative force, opposability effect, and constitutive effect inherent in traditional property rights registration systems are all applicable in this context. It is advisable for the data rights registration framework to evolve gradually from an integrated model toward a centralized model. In this transition, it is imperative to address the functional separation between data exchanges and data rights registration authorities, as well as to achieve nationwide unification of the data rights registration system. Defining the core review responsibilities of data rights registration authorities hinges on clarifying both the scope of review matters and the methodologies employed. Should registration authorities or their personnel fail to fulfill their duty of reasonable review, thereby causing damage to right holders or third parties, or resulting in other serious consequences, they shall bear corresponding legal liability.

The“undecidable film”refers to a cinematic form characterized by structural ambiguity and semantic indeterminacy. In recent years, this emerging form has entered mainstream commercial production, giving rise to  representative works such as Barbie and Her Story. The undecidable film is not only a product of the film industry’s restructuring and transformation in response to various challenges since the new century but also represents a promising new direction for its future development. However, the emergence of this new form poses significant challenges to film scholarship and criticism. In this context, the research trajectory of“film as thought experiment,”proposed by film theorist Thomas Elsaesser, offers profound theoretical inspiration for analyzing the undecidable film. It is argued that approaching these films as thought experiments allows for a deeper understanding of their function in navigating contemporary cultural contradictions.

By adopting the philosophical perspective of Event Theory to comprehend image history and reflect on its generative logic, this study highlights the innovative significance that image events bring to the theoretical morphological transformation of Historical Poetics. Derived from historical processes, historical cognition, and historical discourse, Historical Poetics has evolved into three theoretical forms: speculative, critical, and discursive. Traditionally, grounded in the“history-literature”paradigm, its inquiries have focused on historical causality, teleology, and textuality, yet have consistently lacked sufficient attention to the dimensions of image and event. In contrast, the Event Theory that emerged in the 21st century possesses the capacity to synthesize the numerous binary oppositions triggered by traditional historical texts, implying that the

image event also holds the potential to bridge the theoretical dilemmas of Historical Poetics. In light of this, image events can not only expand the research boundaries of Historical Poetics but also offer inspiration for its innovative development at the theoretical level. This facilitates Historical Poetics in breaking free from the constraints of“textualism”and advancing towards an“Event-Oriented Historical Poetics.”

The development of new media and technologies has facilitated the convergence of media and arts, triggering innovations in artistic genres and giving rise to new forms of expression and aesthetics. As a genre with multi-media attributes, script murder mystery (jubensha) constructs a cross-media interactive form under the dual goals of enhancing literary expression and gaming experience. It integrates various media formats—text, images, video, audio, comics, VR, and AR—into a gamified, hypertextual, and visualized genre. The functions of this genre are threefold: satisfying young people’s need for“low-stakes socialization,” enabling youth groups to acquire diverse life experiences and new forms of self-identity through role-playing, and providing a channel for emotional catharsis and a window for psychological counseling. By innovating traditional narrative paradigms, script murder mystery constructs a new narrative morphology that transcends boundaries, positing“narrative as a fusion of gameplay, socialization, and experience.”Furthermore, the success of its narrative logic has influenced narrative innovations in novels, interactive fiction, and film/ television dramas. Specifically, films of the script murder mystery, characterized by their puzzle-solving gameplay narrative style and a visual aesthetics serving this style, endow cinema with new vitality, demonstrating significant potential to evolve into a distinct“new genre.”

Against the backdrop of the booming development of China’s cultural heritage sector, the conceptual evolution from“cultural relics”to“cultural heritage”reflects an expansion in the scope of museum protection and research, shifting from static material objects to living culture. Correspondingly, the function of museums has gradually transformed from collection-centered institutions for research into cultural hubs that prioritize both artifacts and people. At the disciplinary level, museums share a common research object with archaeology and cultural relics studies, fostering close interdisciplinary interactions. This intersectionality highlights both the possibility and necessity of systematically integrating and leading related theories under the umbrella of Heritage Studies as a first-level discipline. As a pivotal field for cultural heritage knowledge practice, museums can leverage interdisciplinary approaches to constructing a value-centric circular system, thereby elevating Cultural Heritage Studies into a foundational platform that integrates related disciplines and providing the theoretical underpinning and developmental impetus for establishing a system of cultural heritage disciplines with Chinese characteristics.

Professor Yang Naiqiao argues that Qian Zhongshu’s works, such as Limited Views: Essays on Ideas and Letters (Guanzhui Bian), construct“an aesthetic systematic structure capable of bridging (Chinese and Western) traditions and revealing universal laws.”This assertion raises a fundamental question: does  intellectual depth equate to a system of thought? Furthermore, does revealing the inherent system of the object of interpretation amount to the construction of a theoretical system by the interpretation itself? While depth of thought is characterized by profound insight and penetrating analysis, a system of thought entails an organized construction across linear, planar, and multidimensional axes. It is widely acknowledged that Qian’s works exemplify the former rather than the latter. This perception is grounded in both the intuitive reading experience and scholarly judgment, and is further attributable to Qian Zhongshu’s own profound conviction and intellectual temperament—his methodology inherently reflects his ontology and axiology. In the contemporary context of rapid artificial intelligence evolution, Qian Zhongshu’s mode of reading and contemplation retains its enduring value and significance.

Although Confucian ethics and contemporary virtue ethics originate from distinct civilizations separated by vast temporal and spatial distances, significant convergences are observed regarding the establishment of the moral agent, the pathways for cultivating virtue, and the methods for sustaining moral character. Through an examination of“junzi shen du”(the gentleman’s vigilance in solitude) and“agentcenteredness,”it is argued that the junzi (exemplary person) in Confucianism and the virtuous agent in contemporary virtue ethics serve as the foundational moral subjects for their respective theoretical frameworks. The Confucian ideal of“harmonizing the internal and external”and the virtue ethical principle that“character takes precedence over action”are presented as distinct yet complementary approaches to moral cultivation. In both traditions, the necessity for inner qualities to manifest outwardly“( formed within, expressed without”) is emphasized, with priority given to internal disposition and self-cultivation. Furthermore, gongfu (selfcultivation practices) in Confucianism and phronesis (practical wisdom) in contemporary virtue ethics are identified as the respective strategies for nurturing and sustaining virtue. The importance of the agent’s practical engagement and spiritual refinement, as well as the indispensable role of virtue or character in guiding concrete actions, is underscored by both systems. While these profound convergences are highlighted, subtle yet meaningful distinctions between the two ethical traditions are also acknowledged.

The socialization approach in International Chinese Language Education (ICLE) represents an inevitable strategic response to the disparity between the surging global demand and domestic supply constraints. The systemic risks and challenges faced by different agents during its advancement serve as the core motivations for constructing a four-dimensional dynamic model and practical pathways. Through theoretical construction, risk analysis, model design, and pathway optimization, this study yields the following conclusions: First, a robust theoretical framework is established, grounded in Public Goods Theory,

Collaborative Governance Theory, and Ecosystem Theory. Second, an analysis of the systemic risks facing ICLE and the transformation dilemmas faced by various stakeholders provides critical directional guidance for practical implementation. Third, a four-dimensional Dynamic Relationship Model encompassing the “Government-Universities-Social Forces-Learners”is constructed. This model facilitates the complementary advantages and dynamic adaptation of the three core mechanisms, offering a framework-level directive for the socialization of ICLE. Finally, when universities, social forces, the government, and academic experts respectively transform into distinct empowering agents, they can effectively synergize to advance socialization, thereby resolving the challenges and mitigating the risks currently confronting ICLE.

The“Expression-Driven”teaching theory provides new concepts and methodologies for the international communication of Chinese culture. Integrating literature analysis and case studies, this study explores the core characteristics of international Chinese cultural communication through the lens of “Expression-Driven”teaching theory. The analysis reveals a paradigm shift across four key dimensions: from “knowledge coverage”to“expression competency construction”; from“teacher-centeredness”to“learnercenteredness”; from “closed classroom settings” to “authentic and simulated interactions”; and from “knowledge assessment”to“expression effect orientation.”Furthermore, it elucidates the underlying logic for reconstructing the Chinese cultural“learning-communication”chain, anchored firmly in expression needs. However, practical applications of the“Expression-Driven”teaching theory in cultural communication reveal significant limitations. These include dual deficits in“expression competence”and“cultural literacy,”the “decontextualization”of cultural symbols, a mismatch between expression needs and realities, constraints on “expression effect”imposed by cross-cultural differences, insufficient enabling conditions for“expression drive,”and a disconnection between“expression  behavior”and“communication goals.”To address these challenges, this study proposes breakthrough pathways across five dimensions: enhancing subject competency, optimizing content adaptation, innovating contextual support, strengthening resource allocation, and refining effect assessment. These initiatives aim to provide both theoretical grounding and operational solutions to catalyze a significant leap in the effectiveness of international Chinese cultural communication in the new era.