Abstract:

During the time from the first year of Shunzhi to the third year, many turncoat poets in Beijing working as the officials in the Qing court frequently had a reunion, chanting responsory poems, which, having had the rudiment of a literary association, was called as the "society". The responsory content was mainly displayed as follows: (1) expressing the nostalgia for the Ming Dynasty; (2) uttering the sufferings of compromising honor and the depression of holding an official post under the rule of foreigners; (3) conveying the homesick feeling of southerners working in the northern area; (4) presenting the merrymaking of relieving spiritual depression. It is during the process of freemasonry communications that these turncoat poets grew up a faint group ideology.

Key words: in the early Qing Dynasty; turncoat official; "society"