1］ James Atlas, Bellow, A Biography［M］ . New York: Random House, 2000:593,595,596597.
［2］ Alan L. Berger, Crisis and Covenant: The Holocaust in American Jewish Fiction［M］ . Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985:12.
   ［3］ L H Goldman. The Holocaust in the Novels of Saul Bellow［J］ . Modern Language Studies, 1986,16(1):7172.
［4］ Thomas Riggs. Reference to Holocaust Literature［M］ . Miami: St. James Press, 2002.
［5］   Saul Bellow. Ravelstein［M］ . New York: Penguin Group, 2000.
［6］  James E Y.  Reference to Holocaust Literature［M］ . Miami: St. James Press, 2002.
［7］ Hilene Flanzbaum. The Americanization of the Holocaust［M］ . Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
［8］ Gerald Prince. A Dictionary of Narratology (revised edition)［M］ .  Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2003:8687.
［9］ Peter Novick. The Holocaust in American Life［M］ . Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999.
［10］ Saul Bellow. The Bellarosa Connection［M］ . New York: Penguin, 1989:2.
［11］ Zygmunt Bauman. Modernity and the Holocaust Preface［M］ . Oxford: Polity Press, 1989: vii.
［12］ Harold E Quinley, Charles Y Glock. AntiSemitism in America［M］ . New York: Free Press, 1979.
［13］ Lucy S Dawidowicz. The Holocaust and Historians［M］ . Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1981:24.
［14］ Spencer Blakeslee.The Death of American Antisemitism［M］ . Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000:3.
［15］ Guo Qiang Qiao. The Jewishness of Isaac Bashevis Singer［M］ . Peter Lang, 2003:119156.
［16］  Leon A Jick. The Holocaust: Its Use and Abuse within the American Public［J］ . Yad Vashem Studies,1981,(14):303307.
［17］ Emily Miller Budick. Blacks and Jew in Literary Conversation［M］ . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
［18］ Alan Helmreich, Paul Marcus. Blacks and Jews on the Couch［M］ . Westport: Praeger Publisher, 1998:1528.
［19］ Howe. The Immigrant Jews of New York: 1881 to the Present［M］ . London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976:630.
 ［20］ Louis Harap. Creative Awakening: The Jeiwsh Presence in TwentiethCentury American Literature 1900—1940s［M］ . New York: Greenwood Press, 1987:3.
［21］  Appelfeld A. The Artist as a Jewish Writer［C］ //Asher Z Milbauer, Donald G Watson. Reading Philip Roth, New York: Macmillan Press, 1987:13.
［22］ Chametzky J, Felstiner J, Flanzbaum H, Hellerstein K. Jewish American Literature: A Norton Anthology［M］ . New York and London: W W Norton & Company, 2001:577.
［23］ Emily Budick. The Place of Israel in American Writing: Reflections on Saul Bellow' s To Jerusalem and Back ［J］ . South Central Review, 1991,(1):5970.
［24］ Saul Bellow. It All Adds Up: From the Dim Past to the Uncertain Future［M］ . London: Secker & Warburg, 1994:98.
［25］ Jocelyn Helling. The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History［M］ . Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2003:301308.
［26］ James Atlas. Bellow:A Biography［M］ . New York: Random House, 2000.