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上海大学学报(社会科学版)

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“自在”或“自为”：中产阶级与阶级意识

  

  1. 上海大学公共管理系
  • 出版日期:2010-01-15 发布日期:2010-01-15
  • 作者简介:作者简介： 沈瑞英（1963），女，上海人。上海大学公共管理系教授，法学博士。
  • 基金资助:

    基金项目： 国家社会科学基金项目（09BZZ015）；教育部人文社会科学规划项目（08JA810015）；上海市哲学社会科学规划项目（2008BZZ001）

"In Itself" or "For Itself": Middle Class and Class Consciousness

  • Online:2010-01-15 Published:2010-01-15

摘要：

摘要：  与西方中产阶级理论研究中的“稳定器”、“平衡轮”、“缓冲器”等观点不同，对中产阶级的研究应该从马克思主义对“自在”与“自为”阶级的理论分析来考量，从阶级意识与社会力量的相互联系来思辨，从阶级意识与阶级责任的辩证关系来诠解，只有将阶级意识提升到阶级的社会责任以及两者的结合，才能促使阶级在提炼内涵中塑造与升华，才能发挥其应有的社会功能，履行其社会角色。自近代社会转型以来，中产阶级的分化、组合和发展变化，使其自身充满着矛盾性、异质性和复杂性，并非是一个自为的阶级。中产阶级不仅在生活方式、价值取向、行为选择上的个人主义、自由主义思想观念与导向，严重阻碍了其阶级意识形成，这使作为维护阶级利益所需的整体阶级行动缺乏一种内在的必然性；并且其“比上不足，比下有余”的经济状况、社会地位和生活方式等，使其没有团结一致采取整体阶级行动的迫切性和必要性，而利益集团政治却是其现实走向。在市场经济多元化促发的利益主体多元化、政治诉求多元化、价值取向多元化的现代社会发展过程中，中产阶级不仅在现实社会中的群体意识与行为取向是一个复杂的变数，而且其对社会秩序稳定和发展的作用也是一个重要的变量。此外，其在不同政治与文化背景的国家中，各自还有着不同的内涵与特征。因此，在中产阶级中不可能形成统一的阶级意识，也难以构成政治上成熟的阶级。倘若没有国家与社会良性互动与互构，没有其他阶级的合作共赢，其也难以构成现代社会秩序良性运行和协调发展的重要功能系统。

关键词: 中产阶级；自为阶级；阶级意识；社会秩序

Abstract:

"In Itself" or "For Itself":
Abstract： For the theories of middle class in Western countries, there is a presupposition that middle class, as a stratum or group that takes shape in the development of the Western industrial business and citizen society, has a similar self-assessment, value orientation, life style, psychological characteristic and market capacity, thus playing an important role both in market orientation and in the stabilization and development of society. This essay, instead of repeatedly considering middle class as the "stabilizer", "balance" and "buffer", takes a perspective of class consciousness and class responsibility. The author thinks that, since the transformation of modern society, the differentiation, combination and development of middle class has made itself full of contradiction, heterogeneity and complexity. At that time, it is not the "class-for-itself". But, with the development of modernization, and with the diversification stimulated by market economy of stakeholders, political aspiration and value orientation, middle class begins to change, not only becoming a complex variable for group consciousness and behavior orientation in social reality, but also turning into an important variable for the relation between the stabilization and development of social order. Moreover, with different political and cultural backgrounds of countries, it has different connotations and characteristics. Therefore, middle class can not form a unified class consciousness, nor hardly constitute a class of political maturity. If there is not a positive interaction and mutual configuration of state and society, and not a win-win cooperation of other classes, it is difficult for middle class to become an important function system in the sound operation and coordinated development of modern social order.

Key words: middle class; classforitself; class consciousness; social order

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