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上海大学学报(社会科学版)

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论马克思实践观形成的历史环境和具体规定性 ——兼评实践美学论者的一些观点  

  

  1. 上海社会科学院思想文化研究中心，上海 200020
  • 收稿日期:2009-09-20 出版日期:2009-11-15 发布日期:2009-11-15
  • 作者简介: 马驰（1955），男，上海市人。上海社会科学院思想文化研究中心研究员，文学博士，从事马克思主义文论、美学、文化理论研究。

The Historical Condition and Specific Provision in the
Formation of Marx' s Practice Concept——Also Comment
on Some Viewpoints from Practical Aesthetics Commentators

  1. Center of Ideology and Culture, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, Shanghai 200020, China
  • Received:2009-09-20 Online:2009-11-15 Published:2009-11-15

摘要：

实践是马克思创立的实践唯物主义的核心范畴，也是马克思主义唯物史观的基石。将实践这一重要范畴引入美学，并依此建立起以马克思主义的实践唯物主义和实践观点作为自己的哲学基础和主要视点的美学流派，最重要的还是看其是否坚持了马克思主义的实践观。马克思主义实践观的形成有其特定的历史环境和条件。马克思主义科学实践观的诞生是对黑格尔思辨哲学的“批判改造”和对费尔巴哈哲学的积极“扬弃”的中介环节，他对实践范畴含义的理解及阐释，也经历了一个从唯心到唯物再到辩证唯物的成熟发展过程。马克思既看到了费尔巴哈比黑格尔正确的地方：唯物主义的感性对象性原则；又看到了黑格尔比费尔巴哈的深刻和高明之处：人的对象性活动的作用，即人们通过意识和实践创造对象世界的主观能动作用。在继承黑格尔唯心主义劳动观和费尔巴哈人本学唯物主义的基础上，马克思创立了唯物辩证科学实践观。马克思的实践观与其他中产阶级哲学实践观的根本区别点应当明确：其一是马克思主义实践观有着直接现实性；其二是马克思主义实践观具有普遍性。进而可以总结其实践观至少具有如下具体规定：第一，实践是“革命的”活动；第二，实践是具有“批判意识”的活动；第三，实践是辩证的运动发展过程。基于以上论述认为，不能将存在论、现象学与马克思主义混为一谈。

关键词:  马克思主义实践观, 实践唯物主义, 历史环境, 具体规定性, 实践美学

Abstract:

 Practice is the hardcore of Marx' s practical materialism, and also the footstone of Marxist historical materialism. If we want to introduce this concept into aesthetics so as to establish a kind of aesthetics that takes Marxist practical materialism and its practice concept as the philosophical foundation and main viewpoint, most important is adhering to Marxist practice concept. It is under the specific historical circumstance or condition, Marx' s practice concept shapes. Its birth can be considered as an intermediate link, both "critically transforming" Hegel' s speculative philosophy and "actively abrogating" Feuerbach's philosophy. Marx' s comprehension and interpretation of the connotation of the practice concept also undergoes a process of development from spiritualism through materialism to dialectical materialism. On the one hand, Marx sees Feuerbach' s more accurateness than Hegel, that is, the principle of perceptual objectivity in materialism; and on the other hand, he also sees Hegel' s more brilliance than Feuerbach, that is, human' s action of objectivity, or, in detail, human' s subjective, active function of creating the objective world by way of awareness and practice. It is on a basis of inheriting Hegel' s labor view of spiritualism and Feuerbach' s humanistic view of materialism that Marx creates scientific practice concept of dialectical materialism. The basic difference between Marx' s practice concept and other middle class' s practice concept of philosophy should be made clearly. First, Marx' s practice concept is characteristic of direct realistic significance. Secondly, Marx' s practice concept is characteristic of pervasiveness. Thus, a summary of Marx' s practice concept can further be made as follows: (1) practice is a "revolutionary" action; (2) practice is an action of the "critical awareness"; (3) practice is a dialectic process of movement and development. Based on all these, it is inappropriate to mix Marxism with ontology and phenomenology.

Key words: Marx s view of practice, practical materialism, historical circumstance, specific provision, practical aesthetics 

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